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ATmega128
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word for-
mat. Every program memory address contains a 16-bit or 32-bit instruction.
Program Flash memory space is divided in two sections, the Boot Program section and the
Application Program section. Both sections have dedicated Lock bits for write and read/write
protection. The SPM instruction that writes into the Application Flash Memory section must
reside in the Boot Program section.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the
Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the stack
size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must
initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack
Pointer – SP – is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed
through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional global
interrupt enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate interrupt vector in the
interrupt vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their interrupt vector posi-
tion. The lower the interrupt vector address, the higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses which can be accessed directly, or as the Data
Space locations following those of the Register file, $20 - $5F. In addition, the ATmega128 has
Extended I/O space from $60 - $FF in SRAM where only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD
instructions can be used.
ALU – Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Status Register
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose
working registers. W ithin a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose
registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided
into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the
architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication
and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.
The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithme-
tic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform
conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as
specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using the
dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.
The status register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored
when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.
The AVR status Register – SREG – is defined as:
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
SREG
Read/ W rite
Initial Value
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
R/ W
0
10
2467X–AVR–06/11
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